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Such a concept, built into an expert id, placed engineers within Kultur somewhat than Zivilisation, and therefore made them worthy of higher social standing. This transfer in flip invited questions concerning the relationship between Technik and culture. While it had been the German engineers that had articulated the broad concept of Technik, it was German social scientists who probed this concern additional. Walter Sombart, for instance, in his 1911 paper ‘Technik und Kultur’, argued that the causal relationship was bidirectional. ‘In many ways’, notes Schatzberg, ‘this analysis is quite just like the critique of technological determinism that emerged amongst American historians of technology within the 1960s and 1970s’ (p. 112). The broad concept decisively entered the English language when within the early 1900s Thorstein Veblen took and expanded the class of Technik as industrial arts but translated it as ‘technology’. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, two additional